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Karl Marx

(1818-1883)

Who Was Karl Marx?

Karl Marx began exploring sociopolitical theories at university among the Young Hegelians. He became a journalist, and his socialist writings would get him expelled from Germany and France. In 1848, he published The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels and was exiled to London, where he wrote the first volume of Das Kapital and lived the remainder of his life.

Early Life

Karl Heinrich Marx was one of nine children born to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx in Trier, Prussia. His father was a successful lawyer who revered Kant and Voltaire, and was a passionate activist for Prussian reform. Although both parents were Jewish with rabbinical ancestry, Karl’s father converted to Christianity in 1816 at the age of 35.

This was likely a professional concession in response to an 1815 law banning Jews from high society. He was baptized a Lutheran, rather than a Catholic, which was the predominant faith in Trier, because he “equated Protestantism with intellectual freedom.” When he was 6, Karl was baptized along with the other children,

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Karl Marx: A Brief Biography

McIntosh, Ian. "Karl Marx: A Brief Biography". Classical Sociological Theory: A Reader, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019, pp. 13-14. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474470872-004

McIntosh, I. (2019). Karl Marx: A Brief Biography. In Classical Sociological Theory: A Reader (pp. 13-14). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474470872-004

McIntosh, I. 2019. Karl Marx: A Brief Biography. Classical Sociological Theory: A Reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 13-14. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474470872-004

McIntosh, Ian. "Karl Marx: A Brief Biography" In Classical Sociological Theory: A Reader, 13-14. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474470872-004

McIntosh I. Karl Marx: A Brief Biography. In: Classical Sociological Theory: A Reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 2019. p.13-14. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474470872-004

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Karl Marx

1. Life and Writings

1.1 Early Years

Karl Marx was born in 1818, one of nine children. The family lived in the Rhineland region of Prussia, previously under French rule. Both of his parents came from Jewish families with distinguished rabbinical lineages. Marx’s father was a lawyer who converted to Christianity when it became necessary for him to do so if he was to continue his legal career.

Following an unexceptional school career, Marx studied law and philosophy at the universities of Bonn and Berlin. His doctoral thesis was in ancient philosophy, comparing the philosophies of nature of Democritus (c.460–370 BCE) and Epicurus (341–270 BCE). From early 1842, he embarked on a career as a radical journalist, contributing to, and then editing, the Rheinische Zeitung, until the paper was closed by the Prussian authorities in April 1843.

Marx married Jenny von Westphalen (1814–1881), his childhood sweetheart, in June 1843. They would spend their lives together and have seven children, of whom just three daughters—Jenny (1844–1883